Menopause

What is Menopause?

Menopause is a natural biological process marking the end of a woman’s reproductive years. It is defined as the point at which a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 consecutive months. This transition typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, although it can vary widely depending on genetics, lifestyle, and medical history. Menopause occurs due to the decline in ovarian hormone production, particularly oestrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle.

Menopause can occur naturally or be induced by medical treatments such as chemotherapy, surgery (oophorectomy), or radiotherapy. The transition period leading up to menopause is known as perimenopause, during which hormonal fluctuations can cause a range of physical and emotional symptoms.

Symptoms of Menopause

Symptoms of menopause vary in severity and duration, but common signs include:

Physical symptoms:

• Hot flushes and night sweats

• Irregular or absent periods

• Vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse

• Sleep disturbances and fatigue

• Weight gain or slowed metabolism

• Headaches and joint pain

Psychological and emotional symptoms:

• Mood swings, irritability, or anxiety

• Low mood or depression

• Difficulty concentrating and memory lapses (“brain fog”)

• Reduced libido

Long-term health considerations:

• Increased risk of osteoporosis due to decreased bone density

• Higher cardiovascular risk following oestrogen decline

Treatment for Menopause

The treatment approach depends on the individual’s symptoms, health profile, and preferences. The goal is to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and reduce long-term health risks.

Non-hormonal options:

• Lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, balanced diet, stress management, and avoiding triggers (e.g. caffeine, alcohol)

• Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for mood and sleep disturbances

• Vaginal moisturisers or lubricants for dryness

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT):
HRT is an effective option for many women, replenishing declining levels of oestrogen (and sometimes progesterone or testosterone). It can relieve hot flushes, mood swings, and prevent bone loss. Treatment type, dose, and duration should be personalised and regularly reviewed by a healthcare professional.

Complementary and integrative therapies:
Some women explore phytoestrogens (plant-based compounds), acupuncture, or mindfulness practices. While these can support wellbeing, their effectiveness varies and should be discussed with a clinician to ensure safety and suitability.

Medical Cannabis & Menopause

Emerging evidence suggests that medical cannabis may offer therapeutic benefits for some menopause-related symptoms. The body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a role in regulating mood, temperature, pain perception, and sleep—all of which are affected during menopause.

Research indicates that cannabinoids such as CBD and THC may help:

• Improve sleep quality and reduce insomnia

• Alleviate mood disturbances, anxiety, and irritability

• Relieve pain and muscle tension

• Support relaxation and overall wellbeing

A 2023 cross-sectional study found that over 70% of women using cannabis for menopause symptoms reported improvements in sleep and mood disturbances[1]. Another study highlighted that cannabinoids may interact with oestrogen receptors, suggesting a biological basis for symptom relief during menopause[2].

While evidence is still developing, medical cannabis may serve as a complementary option for managing certain symptoms, particularly when conventional treatments are ineffective or contraindicated. Patients should consult a qualified healthcare professional to assess suitability and determine an appropriate treatment plan.

Sources

1. PubMed – Anderson BM et al. Cannabis use for menopause symptom management: A cross-sectional survey of women aged 35–70 years. Menopause. 2023.

2. PubMed – Craft RM et al. Sex differences in cannabinoid pharmacology: Implications for the use of medical cannabis in women’s health. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020.

3. RACGP – Managing menopausal symptoms in primary care (RACGP Guidelines, 2023).

4. NHS – Menopause overview and treatment options (NHS.uk).

5. PubMed Books – Endocrinology of menopause and hormonal changes.